a. Use a semicolon between main clauses not joined by
and, but, or another coordinating conjunction.
Ex) The drug does little to relieve symptoms, and it can have side effects.
The side effects are not
minor; some leave
the patient quite ill.
b. Use a semicolon between main clauses related by however, for example, and so on.
c. Use a semicolon to separate main clauses if they
are complicated or contain commas, even with a coordinating conjunction.
Ex) By a conscious effort of the mind, we can stand aloof from
actions and their consequences;and all things, good and bad, go by us like a torrent.
d. Use semicolons to separate items in a series if
they are long or contain commas.
Ex) The custody case involved Amy Dalton, the child; Ellen and Mark Dalton,
the parents; and
Ruth and Hal Blum, the grandparents.
e. Use the semicolon only where required.
1) Delete or replace any semicolon that separates a subordinate
clause or a phrase from a main clause.
Ex) Pygmies are in danger of extinction; because of encroaching
development. (X)
⇒
Ex) According to African authorities; only about 35,000 Pygmies
exist today. (X)
⇒
2) Delete or replace any semicolon that introduces a series or
explanation.
Ex) Teachers have heard all sorts of reasons why students do poorly;
psychological problems, family illness, too much work, too little time. (X)
⇒
Homework > Use the semicolon sparingly.
<Semicolon overused>
The Make-a-Wish Foundation helps sick
children; it grants
the wishes of children who are terminally ill. The foundation learns of a
child’s wish; the
information usually comes from parents, friends, or hospital staff; the wish may be for a
special toy, a trip to the circus, or a visit to Disneyland. The foundation
grants some wishes with its own funds; for other wishes it appeals to those who have what the child
desires.
The end punctuation marks are: the period . the question mark ? the exclamation point !
Use period with some abbreviations. Dr. Feb. ft. St. Ms. i.e. e.g. p. a.p.
CAUTION
1. When a sentence ends in an abbreviation with a period, do not use the double periods. My first class is at 8 a.m.
2. Question marks and exclamation points are never combined with other punctuations. “What is the point?,” readers ask. “What is the point?” readers ask.
TASK
Revise the punctuation mark usage.
For the comment “Does physics literacy simply happen by enrolling in physics?”, the authors added more literature of how serious the equity situation is, not answering the question.
Chapter 28 The Comma Minkee
Separate main cluases:
1) from another main clause linked by a coordinating conjunction
, in that (=because) , and Coffee drinkers may suffer sleeplessness, for the drug acts as a stimulant to the nervous system.
2) from introductory elements
Once again, In the same light, For the perspective, Thus, Although,
3) from nonessential element
The empty building symbolizes a local economy, which affects everyone. In the photo taken in Buenos Aires, Friday, April 11, 2008 before the Olympic Torch tour along the streets of Argentinean capital, hundreds of the South American people are holding their posters which read ‘Tibet Free’, along with the big Tibetan flag. The company, which is located in Oklahoma, has a good reputation.
CAUTION
When a transitional expression links main clauses, precede it with a semicolon and follow it with a comma. Ex] European workers often have long paid vacations; indeed, they may receive a full month. American workers thus put in more work days. But the days themselves may be shorter.
Use commas between items in a series and between coordinate adjectives.
She was a faithful, sincere friend. They are dedicated medical students. Little, brown handbook Sohee will make a presentation on the handbook in EPIC seminar, on Tuesday, May 20, 2008. Her second presentation will be about the research proposal on 3 June 2008. Use commas with quotations "Students have as much right as any adult to voice their opinion against the beef issue," said an unnamed official of the union.
Do not use commas when
Essential elements Hawthorne’s work The Scarlet Letter was the first major American novel. James Joyce’s short story “The Dead” was made into an affecting film.
[Homework]
Find meaningful, practical expressions or usages of commas in the following academic paper:
Jenkins, E. W., & Nelson, N. W. (2005). Important but not for me: students' attitudes towards secondary school science in England. Research in Science & Technological Education, 23(1), 41-57.
When eating some foods, many people worry about getting high calories
and gaining weights. Thus it seems that food containing artificial
sweeteners instead of sugar solve this problem. For example, aspartame,
one of the artificial sweeteners, has 4kcal/g as well as sugar has but
it is 200 times sweeter than sugar. So when manufacturing drinks and
candies with aspartame we need just amount of 1/200 of sugar. As a
result, we can enjoy coke and candy without worry about calories.
However, many doctors and researchers argue that artificial sweetener
may increase a person’s risk of headache, dizziness, stroke,
convulsions, encephaloma. And some research shows that continual eating
aspartame may cause getting fat because digestive system confuse sweet
flavor with low calories and body need more food. On the other hand,
some researchers say that eating artificial sweetener dose not effect
human body at all. Despite WHO’s announcement of safety of aspartame in
2006, aspartame is still controversial
It depends on you whether or not eating artificial sweetener. However,
we should know the ingredients of the foods before you pick up foods.
(Word Count:188)
[Revised]
Enjoying food, people worry about getting high calories and gaining weights. For them, artificial sweeteners, alternative types of sugar, seems to lesson their concern. Among them, aspartame, one of the artificial sweeteners, has 4 kilo calories per gram (as much amount as sugar has); but, it is 200 times sweeter than sugar. When manufacturing drinks and candies with aspartame, it needs only 1/200 sugar. As a result, we have enjoyed coke and candies without worrying about calories.
However, many doctors and researchers argue that artificial sweeteners may increase the risk of headache, dizziness, stroke, convulsions, and encephaloma to some consumers. Moreover, some researchers show that continual consumption of aspartame may cause getting fat, because digestive system confuses the sweet flavor with low calorie ingredient and commands our body to requires more food. Despite the WHO announcement for safety of aspartame in 2006, its side-effect is still controversial. Some researchers say that eating artificial sweetener dose not effect human body at all.
It depends on you whether to take artificial sweetener or not. However, we should know about its ingredient before picking up a food.
To make sentences work together effectively, you need to vary their length, structure, and word order to reflect the importance and complexity.
You can practice established techniques for achieving varied sentences. Ways to achieve variety among sentences 1. Varying sentence length and structure. 2. Varying sentence beginnings 3. Inverting the normal word order. 4. Mixing types of sentences
26a. Varying sentence length and structure.
① Varying length
In most contemporary writing, sentences vary from about ten to about forty words. If most of your sentences get out of this range, you break some of the long sentences into shorter one, or try combining sentences with coordination and subordination.
② Rewriting strings of brief and simple sentences
You can combine some of sentences into longer units that emphasize and link important ideas while de-emphasizing incidental information.(See p. 414 example)
③ Rewriting strings of compound sentences
Compound sentences are usually just simple sentences linked with conjunctions.(See p.415 example)
26b. Varying sentence beginnings
You can vary this subject-first pattern by adding modifiers or other elements before the subject.
Note! The final arrangement of sentence elements should always depend on two concerns: the relation of a sentence to those preceding and following it and the emphasis required by your meaning.
① Adverb modifiers
Consider these sentences different emphases.(See p.416 example on middle paragraph) ★ In standard American English, placing certain adverb modifiers at the beginning of a sentence requires you to change the normal subject-verb order as well. The most common of these modifiers are negatives, including seldom, rarely, in no case, not since, and not until.
② Adjective modifiers
These modifiers may sometimes fall at the beginning of a sentence to postpone the subject.(See p.416 example on bottom paragraph)
③ Coordinating conjunctions and transitional expressions
For successive sentences, you may begin the follow such as and or but or first, for instance, however, therefore.
④ Occasional expletive constructions
It or there + be~ : occasionally be useful to delay and thus emphasize the subject. However, you should use them rarely because it is more likely to flatten writing by adding extra words.
26c. Inverting the normal word order.
An inverted sentence can be emphatic. And it can be useful in two successive sentences when the second expands on the first. Ex) Particularly explicit was the curt verdict of one critic of President Hoover.
26d. Mixing types of sentences
Questions, commands, exclamations may enhance variety. Questions may set the direction of a paragraph, and more often used in exposition or simply emphasize ideas. Commands occur frequently in an explanation of a process, particularly in directions.
Homework
With reference to learning contents, write a today’s diary using variety sentences.
＊Using
parallelism for elements linked by coordinating conjunctions(and, but, or, nor, and
yet)
The
coordinate conjunctions always signal a need for parallelism.
The industrial base was shiftingandshrinking.
Three reasons why steel companies kept losing
money were that their plant were inefficient, high labor costs, and foreign
competition was increasing.
→
All
the words required by idiom or grammar must be stated in compound construction
Given training, workers can acquire the skill and
interest in other jobs.
→
* Using parallelism for elements linked by
correlative conjunctions (both.. and, neither.. nor,
not only...but also, either.... or, not... but, whether... or)
Correlative
conjunctions emphasize the relation between elements, even long phrases and
clauses.
It is nota tax billbuta tex
relief bill, proving relief not for the needy but for the
greedy.- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Mark Twain refused either to ignore the moral
blindness of his society or spare the reader's sensibility.
→
* Using parallelism for elements being compared or
contrasted
Elements
being compared or contrasted should be cast in the same grammatical form.
It is better to live
richthanto die rich.
The study found that most welfare recipients
wanted to work rather than handouts.
→
→
* Using parallelism for lists, outlines, or
headings (see p.119 and p.37)
The
elements of a list or a outline should be parallel in structure.
[Faulty] Changes in Renaissance England 1. Extension of trade routes 2. Merchant Class became more powerful 3. The death of feudalism 4. Upsurging of the arts 5. The science were encouraged 6. Religious quarrels began
[Improved] Changes in Renaissance England 1. Extension of trade routes 2. Increased Power of the merchant class 3. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 4. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 5. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 6. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
25.b
Using parallelism to increase coherence
Slang
originates in the effort of ingenious individuals to make the language more
pungent and picturesque. They increase the store of the terse and striking
words or widen the boundaries of metaphor. Thus a vocabulary for new shades and
differences in meaning is provided by slang.
Slang
originates in the effort of ingenious individuals to
make the language more pungent and picturesque - to increase the store of the terse and striking
words, to widen the boundaries of
metaphor, and to provide a vocabulary for
new shades and differences in meaning.- H. L. Mencken
Choi Jin-sil, who is one of my favorite movie stars, used to be the most popular actress in 1990s. While she was on top of her fame in showbiz, she got married Cho Sung-min who has been a famous baseball player. When she was in the center of gossip with her husband's domestic violence and divorce, she didn't seem to reemerge to the public any more. But she successfully came back with a TV series, "Rosy Life(장미빛 인생)" and could recover her fame again. Now she stars in a TV series, "Last Scandal of My Life", as a divorced woman who is sometimes ridiculous and dull. Many other actresses are not only worried about getting old but also want to look like a young girl in TV programs and in movies, even after they get married and have children. However Choi has played a role of her certain age. She used to be a icon of beauty and trendy. However, getting old with the public, she is an really actress who touches viewers hearts. This is why I like her. I think she is still more beautiful actress than other actresses. (Wordcount: 196)
[Revised]
Choi Jin-sil, who is one of my favorite movie stars, used to be the
most popular actress in 1990s. While she was on top of her fame in
showbiz, she got married with Cho Sung-min who has been a famous baseball
player. When she was in the center of gossip with her husband's
domestic violence and divorce, she didn't seem to reemerge to the
public any more. But, she successfully came back with a soup opera series, "Rosy
Life (장미빛 인생)" and could recover her fame. Now she stars in another
series, "Last Scandal of My Life", acting a role as a divorced woman who is
sometimes ridiculous and dull. Many other actresses do not only
worry about getting old, but also want to look younger in their business, even after they get married and have children. Choi also used to be an
icon of beauty and trendy. However, Choi now plays a role of her age. Getting old with the public, she is the very actress who touches viewers hearts. This is why I like her. I
think she is still more beautiful than any other actresses.
People gather to demonstrate or protest what they believe right. Sometimes their action of demonstration is blamed by their counterparts. In the photo taken in Buenos Aires, Friday, April 11, 2008 before the Olympic Torch tour along the streets of Argentinian capital, hundreds of the South American people are holding their posters which read ‘Tibet Free’, along with the big Tibetan flag. This independence-for-Tibet campaign has added its caution, since The Tibet Riot on last March that was suppressed by Chinese troops and tanks in Lhasa, and resulted in at least 25 deaths among the Tibetan. In advance of Argentina that welcomes the torch relay only in the Latin American nation, the fire of “pure spirit” was extinct four times with hundreds of pro-Tibetan demonstrators in Paris. Against the human rights advocators’ disturbance on the torch, the Xinhua commentary in London said, "Any acts, motivated by political bias, to instigate some extremist groups and individuals to sabotage the Olympic torch relay will victimise not only the Olympic Games, but the Olympic spirit that embodies the lofty ideals of mankind." The comment is likely to represent their pursuit of the sport sprit among the Chinese as shown in the backward of the photo; they are holding the Chinese flags which are bigger than the Tibetan.
1) Nouns made from verbs can obscure the key actions of sentences and add words. Ex) After the company made a decision to hire more disabled workers, its next step was the construction of wheelchair ramps and other facilities. =>
2) Weak verbs tend to stall sentences just where they should be moving and often bury key actions.
Ex) The company is now the leader among businesses in complying with the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act. Its officers make speeches on the act to business groups. =>
3) The passive de-emphasizes the true actor of the sentence, sometimes omitting it entirely. Generally, prefer the active voice.
b. Use sentence beginnings and endings.
1) Old information begins each sentence and new information ends the sentence. 2) Place information first or last in a sentence, reserving the middle for incidentals.
Ex) Education remains the single best means of economic advancement, despite its shortcoming. [Emphasizes ( )] => =>
c. Arrange parallel elements effectively.
Arrange the parallel ideas in order of their importance.
Ex) The storm ripped the roofs off buildings, killed ten people, and knocked down many trees in town. =>
d. Carefully repeat key words and phrases.
Carefully planned repetition can be an effective means of emphasis.
e. Set off important ideas with punctuation.
1) A semicolon provides more separation than a comma, and a period provides still more separation.
Ex) Most of the reading which is praised for itself is neither literary nor intellectual, but narcotic. Most of the reading which is praised for itself is neither literary nor intellectual; it is narcotic. Most of the reading which is praised for itself is neither literary nor intellectual. It is narcotic.
2) Sometimes a dash or a pair of dashes will isolate and thus emphasize a part of a statement.
Ex)
His schemes were always elaborate, ingenious, and exciting—and wholly impractical.
f. Write concisely.
Homework
Based on how to emphasize ideas in chapter 23, revise the Song (1990)'s work below.
Kahneman
and Tversky (1972; 1982) and Tversky and Kahneman (1983) examined the
illogical nature of people's probabilistic judgement in a variety of
situations including estimations of word frequency. personality
judgement, medical prognosis and decision under risk. They explained
some of these illogical judgements by saying that people's preferences
between gains are risk-averse and people's preferences between losses
are risk-seeking so that people's probabilistic judgements are very
much dependent on the degree of risk conveyed by a task. They also
argued that people do not normally analyse daily events into exhaustive
lists of probabilities or evaluate compound probabilities by
aggregating elementary ones. Instead, they commonly use a limited
number of heuristics, such as representativeness and availability. The
availability heuristic refers to the tendency for an event to be judged
more probable to the extent that it is more easily pictured or
recalled. For example, risks from more easily pictured accidents, such
as explosions, may contribute more to the judgement that a particular
industrial process is dangerous, even though they may happen extremely
rarely, than may continuous and cumulative hazards, such as routine
emissions into the atmosphere. which have less immediate dramatic
effects.
Song, J. (1990). Effects on Pupils' Responses of
Interactions between Process Skill Demands, Concept Requirements and
Contexts in Science Questions. King's College London, London.
[Homework] With using of proper modifiers, write an assay within 200 words. The topics will be about people.
[Original] (11, April, 2008) People… it’s very wide topic so it is a little difficult to decide what kind of people I write on. Ok, it’s good to do about my students, being fallen in love with stars. Last Saturday, not yesterday but a week before one, I met them in the Observatory, belonged to Seoul Science Park which is located in just below the SNU. They are students who I taught in our middle school in last year. When I organized the club for observing the heavenly bodies for the first time in that school, they came in. At that time, they didn’t know about stars very well and they would not even guess how much they love the stars in near future. Among them three students especially got absorbed in starry bodies. When I introduced telescope to them the first time, their eyes were shining brightly. They got in with telescope quickly and handled it very well. They could array the finder to main optical tube better than me. They always were eager to observe the beautiful night sky and used to urge me to go outside for observing starry sky. They didn' lose track of the time to find stars when we have time to observe on top of the school building. One pupil of them sent message by cellular phone some times ago. The message was that he decided what he will become in future; “I want to be an astronomer!” It’s happy thing to see these friends, being enthusiastic and full of dreams. I hope they could go on, having innocent love toward stars.
HW 20. A wonderful meeting with the life of sea, scuba diving /Leekyoung/
[Original] Scuba diving is the attractive sport that swims underwater using special breathing equipment. The equipment is called aqualung which consists of cylinders of air and which is connected to mouth by rubber tube. It makes to be possible you can stay a little long in the water. Of course, technical practice is demanded for using really because you breathe high-pressure air. Anyway, you may experience new world when you dive carrying it on your back. There are lots of corals, ear shells, turban shells, sea fishes and so on in the water. You can see a rare fish you could only watch through books. Swimming with a shoal of fishes is very excited; it makes on feel as if you were a part of them. You can cultivate team spirit and a sense of responsibility through scuba diving because it has to move around organizing a team. It is very good leisure-sport for lovers or married couple. I hope to make an attempt surely diving some day.
(Word count: 167)
[Revised] Scuba diving is an attractive sport: people swim underwater using special breathing equipment. The equipment is called an aqualung which consists of cylinders filled with air, and is connected to mouth by a rubber tube. It enables you to stay longer under the water. Of course, technical practice is indeed required for using it because you breathe the high-pressure air. Having been accustomed, you may experience new world when you dive carrying it on your back. Under the water, there are lots of rare fishes such as corals, ear shells, turban shells, special sea fishes that you have only met through books. Swimming with a shoal of fishes is very exciting; it would makes you feel as if you were a part of them. You can cultivate team spirit and a sense of responsibility through scuba diving because the divers have to move around in a team. It is a very good leisure-sport for lovers or married couples. I hope you would try diving some day.
Choose a singular object or topic that contains plural features. Explain your subject with help of proper pronouns and shifts. Your writing will contain approximately 200 words.
Note Taking On PDA
PDA is an abbreviation of “Personal digital assistant” that has prevailed since its first mass production, Apple Newton from Apple Computer. It has many uses: world clock, scheduling, contacts, and account books, etc. More brand-new machines also include features such as Global Positioning System, multimedia players, web-browsers with their high-resolution, color screens. Among them, one of the most robust and essential features is note taking. According to the wikipedia, this historical documenting process is defined as “the practice of writing pieces of information, often in an informal or unstructured manner (see the link)”, and is also strongly recommended for college or higher level students and the professional who record and process great amount of information in a relatively short time. How can a PDA enhance your note taking skill? Your alphabets and figures in graffiti format on its touch screen are rapidly recognized into digitalized and searchable texts, and then are stored and shared with others. Moreover, what overwhelms the traditional
paper-pencil note taking with a PDA is that your notes, no matter how enormous amount you record them, are searched in a couple of seconds by its standard keyword-searching feature. For example, a 5-year-old Palm device, Zire 21 can gives you the note you are searching with the exact position of your keyword within half second out of over 400 notes. Until now the note taking on PDA is the database system faster than any other tools one can utilize: it is faster than laptops and Internet.
A pronoun are it and they that derive its meaning from their antecedent. They should properly refer to its antecedent for better clearness in your writing. They should be clearly referring to one antecedent and be placed close enough.
[Quiz]
New master students in EPIC should consult with their doctor-student seniors who are proposing their personal research plan. =>
[Quiz]
Many manufacture companies which had launched their business in China knew little of their culture and laws, and they had no experience with the Chinese employees. This gave many disadvantages to the company owners and compelled some of them out of the continent.
=>
[Quiz]
Many Asian nations achieve high performances in international assessments of education such as PISA and TIMSS, which has been reported as an evidence of their implementing successful accountability. However, (______) need to be reconsidered, since private education such as cram schools have been prevalent and been believed to contributed to students’ school achievement more than public education does.
[Quiz]
Web-based learning approaches often use a paradigm that completely separates learning material and assessment. The typical learner experience is to "cover" a specific learning module and then immediately complete a short assessment process (usually multiple choice) that tests for immediate recall of the information. The learner is then free to return to the module or move on to the next based on performance within the assessment. (_______) has some serious instructional shortcomings, however (Elstein 1994; Ramsden 1993; Page 1995; White and Gunstone 1992).
Keep a sentence(s) consistent in …
- person
A student builds self-confidence, while s/he achieves successive mastery in his or her work. =>
- number
A student in Korea goes to cram school. vs. Students in Korea go to cram school.
- Active voice vs passive voice
Internet news groups cover an enormous range of topics for discussion. Forums for meeting people with like interests are provided in these groups. =>Interest newsgoups cover an enormous range of topics for discussion and provide forums for meeting people with like interests.
[Quiz]
Research shows that audience attention is increased by video and it builds speaker credibility while tightening bond and teamwork in business environments. =>
That makes information easier to understand, reduce meeting fatigue, and makes it easy to identify who is speaking. =>
Use it to connect to remote offices, to join board meetings, and to meet with colleague. =>
Coincidence in tense
Within a sentence or form one sentence to another, tenses of verbs should be consistent.
Pattern I: reference to single studies—past Pattern II: reference to areas of inquiry—present perfect Pattern III: reference to state of current knowledge—present
[Article 1] Tsai, C.-C., & Kuo, P.-C. (2008). Cram School Students' Conceptions of Learning and Learning Science in Taiwan. International Journal of Science Education, 30(3), 353 - 375.
… The performances of Asian students in international evaluations such as Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) have received much attention in the past decade. According to the TIMSS 2003 International Science Report (Martin, Mullis, Gonzalez, & Chrostowski, 2004), the first four of the top-performing countries are Asian countries. Educational researchers have tried to explain the outcomes from different facets; for example, level of intelligence (Hernstein & Murray, 1994), view of effort and ability (Dweck, 1999; Stevenson & Lee, 1990; Tweed & Lehman, 2002), parental expectation an involvement, and pedagogy (Stevenson & Stigler, 1992)…
[Article 2] Aikenhead, G. S. (2008, 20-23 February). Importation of Science Programs from Euro-American Countries into Asian Countries and Regions: A Recipe for Colonization?. Paper presented at the Conference of Asian Science Education, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
… I consider scientists to be people originally trained by university science departments worldwide and then employed, for instance, by the military, business, industry, government agencies, private foundations, and to a small extent, by universities. In short, these are people employed mostly in a social context of power and privilege associated with research and development (R&D), patents, economic progress, and globalization (Jenkins, 2007). These professionals are paid by their institutions to generate, transform, or use knowledge for the purpose of benefiting those institutions. Scientists collectively work within a subculture (or a paradigm) that frames their thinking and practice in the context of that work (Kuhn, 1970; Traweek, 1992). For most scientists, this subculture is Eurocentric in nature (Aikenhead & Ogawa, 2007). Therefore, I refer to their professional enterprise as Eurocentric science…
HOMEWORK
Choose a singular object or topic that contains plural features. Explain your subject with help of proper pronouns and shifts. Your writing will contain approximately 200 words.
Excercise 18.4 Revising: Comma splices and fused sentences.
All those parents who urged their children to eat broccoli were right; the vegetable really is healthful. Broccoli contains sulforaphane; moreover, this mustard oil can be found in kale and Brussels sprouts. Sulforaphane causes the body to make an enzyme that attacks carcinogens which cause cancer. The enzyme speeds up the work of the kidneys then they can flush harmful chemicals out of the body. Other vegetables have similar benefits; however, green, leafy vegetables like broccoli are the most efficient. Thus wise people will eat their broccoli. It could save their lives.
Broccoli
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broccoli
설포라판 [Sulforaphane]
항산화능이 우수한 것으로 알려져 있으며 항암 및 헬리코박터 파이로리 억제 효과 이외에 염증 유발인자 활성 저해하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 십자화과 채소에 많이 들어 있다. http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=824737
Brussels sprout
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_sprout
The Brussels (or brussels or brussel) sprout (Brassica oleracea Gemmifera Group) of the Brassicaceae family, is a cultivar group of Wild Cabbage cultivated for its small (typically 2.5 - 4cm, 1 - 1.5 inches diameter) leafy green buds, which resemble miniature cabbages.
A substance or agent that can cause cells to become cancerous by altering their genetic structure so that they multiply continuously and become malignant. Asbestos, DDT, and tobacco smoke are examples of carcinogens.
Nice to meet you! I'm Leekyoung Kim. I’m going to join this English study group. I'm a graduate student, majoring in physics education. I taught science in Busan Gwangmu girl's middle school for last four years. English helps me to express my ideas. Sharing them with international colleagues will surely enable me to improve what I do (e.g. taking international conferences of science education). This weekly study meeting seems to be interesting. I will do my best, though I am worried a bit. Let me introduce a little more about me. I amuse myself watching small-scale musicals. Sports are also my favorites; I do sports rather than watching them on TV. Would you play tennis with me?
Hi. I'm Seongkook, a graduate student in ICU, major in computer science. I've been in Australia for a few months with working holiday visa. it was very nice experience for me, and it made me not to be afraid speaking English. But, I am still worrying about writing. The fact that I need to write papers in English makes me down. I read about this study group while surfing the web, and I thought we might help each other. It is nice to be with you. Thank you. I'm looking forward to meeting you at the Sunday meeting.
It is a part of sentence that is set off as if it were a whole sentence; but, it should be revised.
Test your sentences for completeness: they also help you read faster.
Test 1: Find the verb.
Every verb you find in a complete sentence should be a finite verb. Sun rises. / Sun sets. (o) The wounded solder lying on the bed. (x)
Test 2: Find the subject.
Having found the verb, ask who or what performs the action. Some languages such as Korean, Japanese, and Spanish allow the omission of the sentence subject. However, standard English, except in commands, always requires the subject.
Web commerce is expanding dramatically. There have existed many relevant enterprises.
Test 3: Make sure the clause is subordinate or not.
Subordinating conjunctions: after, once, until, although … Relative pronouns: that, which …
As time goes by. (x) As time goes by, you will get used to it.
NOTE
Questions begins with how, what, … are not sentence fragments.
Revise sentence fragments
A major improvement of the Internet occurred with the World Wide Web. Which allows users to move easily between sites. ->
The school has one goal. To train students to be decent, future citizens. ->
We would invite one of the prominent researchers in science education. The author of book, “Science for Everyday Life”. ->
Revising Comma Splices
A sentence or clause contains at least a subject and a predicate. We can separate two main clauses in one of four ways: with a period, a semicolon, a comma, and a colon.
The first clause is negative; the second, positive:
-Anna is not a flight attendant, she is a pilot. (x) -Anna is not a flight attendant; she is a pilot. (o)
The second clause illustrates the first:
-She did well in college her average was 3.9. (x) -She did well in college: her average was 3.9. (o)
Comma: when the two clauses are equally important.
-Some laboratory-grown foods taste good, they are nutritious. (x) -Some laboratory-grown foods taste good, and they are nutritious. (o)
Subordinating one clause: when one clause is more important, you can express the less important one in a subordinate clause.
-The vitamins are adequate, the flavor is deficient. (x) -The vitamins are adequate. The flavor is deficient. [Both ideas receive equal weight.] -Even though the vitamins are adequate, the flavor is deficient. [Emphasis on the second idea.]
Homework
EXERCISE 18.4 Revising: Comma splices and fused sentences
Identify and revise the comma splices and fused sentences in the following paragraph.
All those parents who urged their children to eat broccoli were right, the vegetable really is healthful. Broccoli contains sulforaphane, moreover, this mustard oil can be found in kale and Brussels sprouts. Sulforaphane causes the body to make an enzyme that attacks carcinogens, these substances cause cancer. The enzyme speeds up the work of the kidneys then they can flush harmful chemicals out of the body. Other vegetables have similar benefits however, green, leafy vegetables like broccoli are the most efficient. Thus wise people will eat their broccoli it could save their lives.
The original text: http://wps.ablongman.com/long_fowler_lbh_10/45/11769/3012956.cw/index.html
they modify verbs (warmly greet), adjectives (only three people), adverbs (quite seriously), phrases (nearly to the edge of the cliff), sentences (Fortunately, she is employed.) -ly
Ex] The groups view family values (). Educating children () is everyone’s focus. Some children suffer ().
16b Use an adjective after a linking verb
Good serves only as an adjective. Well may serve as an adverb with a host of meanings or as an adjective meaning only fit or healthy. She felt (). Decker trained ().
16c After a direct object, use an adjective
Campus politics made Mungo (). Mungo repeated the words ().
16d Use comparative only for modifiers that can logically be compared.
He was the most unique teacher we had. (x) -> ??
16f Use nouns sparingly as modifiers
Child care, flood control, security guard, expert opinion (?), student high achievement (?) A student takes the state medical board (?) exams to become a dental technician.
Use A and AN, with singular count nouns, when the reader does not already know its identity.
USE THE when you have mentioned the noun before; when the noun names something unique; they are shared by the community of readers. Ex] () fax machine has changed business communication.
The is not used before a singular noun that names a general category. Ex] Sherman said that war is hell.
1. N + -s/-es => plural ex) bird / birds V + -s/-es => singular ex) play/plays 2. S and V should agree even when other words come between them. Ex) The agreements <stated in catalogue >are unclear. 3. S joined by “and” => plural
** Exception!!
Ex) Avocado and bean sprouts is a California sandwich. Ex) Each man, woman, and child has a right to be heard. Ex) The man and the woman each have different problems. 4. When parts of a S are joined by “or” or “nor”, the V agrees with the nearer part. Ex) Neither the owners nor the contractor agrees. Neither the contractor nor the owners agree.(o) Ex) Either Nicole or I am responsible. Either Nicole is, or I am.(o) 5. Indefinite Pronoun(p.309) 6. Collective nouns take singular or plural verbs depending on meaning. ** What is collective noun? Army, audience, family, group, team…. Ex) The group agrees that action is necessary. The old group have gone their separate ways. Ex) A number of VS the number of 7. The verb agrees with the subject even when the normal word order is inverted. Ex) From the mountains comes an eerie, shimmering light. 8. “Who”, “which” and “that” take verbs that agree with their antecedent. Ex) Bardini is one of the aides who work unpaid. Bardini is only one of the aides who knows the community. 9. news, athletics, economics, mathematics, physics => singular Ex) Three years is a long time to wait. Three-fourths of the library consists of reference books. 9. Titles and words named as words take singular verbs.
15b. Make pronouns and their antecedents agree in person, number, and gender. 1. Antecedents joined by “and” usually take plural pronouns. Exception! Every girl and woman took her seat. 2. When parts of an antecedent are joined by “or” or “nor,” the pronouns agree with the part closer to it. Ex) Tenants or owners must present their grievances. Ex) Neither the tenants nor the owner has yet made her case. Neither the owner nor the tenants have yet made their case. 3. Indefinite word as antecedent -> singular or plural as appropriate 1) all, any, most, some, more -> singular or plural depend on what they refer Ex) Few women athletes had changing spaces, so most had to change in their rooms. Most of the changing space was dismal, its color a drab olive green. 2) both, few, several, many -> always plural. 3) P316 4. Collective noun antecedents take singular or plural pronouns depending on meaning! Ex) The committee voted to disband itself. The old group have gone their separate ways.
The plain form is the dictionary form when the subject is plural, and when the sentence is indicates present actions. The –s form ends –s or –es, when the subject is a singular noun such as everyone, he, she. The past-tense form indicates the action of the verb occurred before now. The past-participle is the same as the past-tense form. The present participle adds –ing to the plain form. (See “Tense for reviewing literature” on http://minkee.net/68 )
vi-vt
Intransitive
The pillows lie on the bed. Sun rises; it is time to say good bye.
Transitive
He lays the lily bouquet on her tomb stone. The study has raised many succeeding discussion.
Modals
Permission: You shouldn’t have done that. [past] Possibility: It could be. [present or future] Necessity: I am supposed to finish this application by the end of January. Intention: I am going to go to cinema. [planned intention for informal form] We will see what would happen. [unplanned intention for formal form] Past habit: In years past I would play tennis. I used to go out with her.
14e gerund or infinitive
Either: I prefer going/to go out late at summer night. Different meaning: The driver stops eating; now it is time to go. The driver stops to eat; now it is time for lunch. Gerund: I finish singing. Infinitive: I decide to go further.
14g Tense
At the moment of the examination, the students had completed the national curriculum of Physics I. The singer had successfully finished her tour concerts in Asia before her performance.
Tense sequence
For verbs with past or past perfect tense, succeeding verbs in the subordinate clause must also be in past or past perfect tense. - The researchers discovered that people varied widely in their knowledge of public events. - The variation occurred because respondents had been born in different decades. None of them had been born when Warren G. Harding was President.
14i subjunctive verb forms
I wish I were able to donate money. If the theater were saved, the town would benefit. Many people would have helped if they had known. They suggested that each donate both time and money. [not donates]
14j. Active/passive voice
You should prefer the active voice in your writing.
The internet was established in 1969.
The network has now been extended into our everyday life.
The red wine needs to be kept in proper temperature and humidity for its best taste.
Astonishing findings are revealed through the survey conducted by us.
Homework
Try to write a writing with the rules learned today within 150 words.
Case is the relation between words, such as a noun or pronoun in a sentence. In particular, Pronouns change form for each case. Thus, in this chapter, we’ll focus on application of pronoun that is adequate for case in a sentence.
* The subjective case generally indicates that word is a subject or a subject complement. * The objective case generally indicates that word is the object of a verb or preposition. * The possessive case generally indicates ownership or source.
13a Use the subjective case for compound subjects and for subject complements.
: as a subject alone
13b Use the objective case for compound objects.
: as an object alone
13c Use the appropriate case when the plural pronoun we or us occurs with a noun.
: depend on the use of the noun Ex) Freezing weather is welcomed by us skaters. We skaters welcome freezing weather.
13d In appositives the case of a pronoun depends on the function of the word described or identified.
Ex) Obtaining enough protein is important to us vegetarians. We vegetarians get our protein from milk and fish.
13e The case of a pronoun after than or as in a comparisons depends on the meaning.
Ex) Some critics like Glass more than he. = Some critics like Glass more than he likes Glass. Some critics like Glass more than him. = Some critics like Glass more than .
13f Use the object case for pronouns that are subjects or objects of infinitives.
Ex) The school asked [he, his, him] to speak. Students chose to invite [he, his, him].
13g The case of the pronoun who depends on its function in its clause.
You need to figure out whether the word serves as a subject or as an objective. Use who where you would use he or she—all ending in vowels. Use whom where you would use him or her—all ending in consonants. 1) At the beginning of questions use who for a subject and whom for an object. [Who, Whom] makes that decision? [Who, Whom] does one ask?
2) In subordinate clauses use who and whoever for all subjects, whom and whomever for all objects. Few people know [who, whom] they shoud ask. They are unsure [who, whom] makes the decision. Credit [whoever, whomever] wrote the policy. Reserch should reveal [who, whom] to credit.
13h Ordinarily, use a possessive pronoun or noun immediately before a gerund.
Ex] The coach disapproved of their lifting weights.
But, a noun or pronoun before an –ing verb form is not always possessive. Sometimes the –ing form will be a present participle modifying the preceding word. Ex] Everyone had noticed him weightlifting.( weightlifting is a participle) Everyone had noticed his weightlifting.( weightlifting is a gerund)
Develop a writing answering opposing views to your claim within 200 words.
LG Notebook Explosion
A brand-new LG laptop PC exploded last December. Many laptop users worried why and how the astonishing accident happened. A newspaper issued an article from a anonymous engineer asserting the fire extinguisher which the laptop owner used was the main cause of the explosion. He explained that the powder in common fire extinguishers contains chemical ingredient that absorbs moisture on current plates in the battery and reacts with the liquid of the charging material to heat it up. His excuse criticizes that the laptop owner not to use the anti-laptop-explosion extinguisher at the accident.
However, any common sense can contradict his lame excuse. First, the owner had to use the common fire extinguisher against his burning laptop PC. What matters in this accident was that the electric devise that required the highest safety and reliability started to combustion with high temperature enough to melt its back-pack carrier. Second, there has been no caution warns us that users needs to exclusively use the anti-laptop-explosion extinguisher. There are no such things in our schools or homes.
Unfortunately, the issue of the explosion has waned these days; two months have passed without any official announcement from the battery company, LG chemistry. Rather, most of newspaper is keen about when to buy or sell stocks of the company.
Word form, Word order. I AAA breakfast: AAA must be a verb referring to action for meal. BBB had great time: BBB must be subject referring to people, since the expression have “great time” require human subjects. She baked the special CCC for the party participant: CCC must be objective, bakery.
12a Understanding the basic sentence
Tense for reviewing literature
Kim (2007) investigated the effects of low achievement. The effects of low achievement have been prevalently investigated (Kim, 2007). The effects of literacy are complex (Kim, 2007). Kim (2007) asserted that low achievement can be influence by Kim (2997) has concluded that Kim (2007) concludes that The Bible says The Constitution states Kim (2007) found that low achievement is correlated most closely with poor school facilities. According to Kim (2007), the effects of low achievement are interrelated.
The effects arise. The influence develops or wanes. Why school matters.
Patter 2: S-V-O
I ate breakfast.
Patter 3: S-V-SC
The result was of devastation.
Pattern 4: S-V-DO-IO
Show me the money!
Pattern 5: S-V-DO-OC
The class elected Joan president. The citizens considered the earthquake disaster. The earthquake was considered (as being/to be) disaster.
12c Expanding the basic sentence with word groups
Time or space
In 1979, at 9, on Monday, by today, till tomorrow, in 5 minutes
Other relationships
Despite the facts, on the ground of the theory, regardless of the data, unlike the sampled students
COMMA
In 1979 he got born. According to the controversial data analysis, the pupils neither like nor dislike the subject.
The announcement of a tuition increase surprised no one. The tuition increase, announced by the president of University today, has long been expected.
GERUNDS
-ing as Nouns Eating vegetable keeps you in good shapes. Many children learn to hate shopping.
INFINITIVES
the verbs in the to-verb form To eat vegetable, though, is not considered pleasant among many children.
PUNCTUAING VERBAL PHRASES
To pay tuition, some students work at two jobs. Jobs paying well are hard to find. One good job, paying 12 $ an hour, had been occupied already.
4. Using subordinate clauses
Clause: A group of words containing a subject and a predicate and forming part of a compound or complex sentence. The school teaches students daytimes. Children need after school activities. AAA the school teaches students daytimes, children need after school activities. Even though others still adhere that students are well behaving, some studies in education have reported the identical evidence that contradicts the conventional perception. Even though some studies in education have reported the identical evidence that contradicts the conventional perception, others still adhere that students are well behaving. The woman who directed the project got promotion.
5. Using appositives.
An appositive is usually a noun that renames its neighbor nouns. The verb howl comes with from the Old English verb houlen. An aged elm, the tree was stuck by lightning. The tree, an aged elm, was struck by lightning. Lightning struck the tree, an aged elm. Three people—Will, Erica, and Alex—object to the new procedure. Two principles guide the judge’s decisions: justice and mercy.
12d Compounding words, phrases, and clauses
The library needs renovations and rebuilding. Teachers, parents but students perceive that what they learn in school matter for their life and future. The president announced the tax decrease, and everybody was cheering. The work cannot be delayed; it’s already overdue. The little, brown handbook.
2. Using conjunctive adverbs
Relaxation techniques have improved; however, few people know them. However hard the project is, we must finish it by the end of this month. Interest rates rose; therefore, real estate prices declined. The subprime loans are turned out to published to improper debtors; therefore, the overall economic of real estate is bombarded.
Hi, I come to join this study group lately. My name is Eunjeong Choi, science teacher in Yeonsu girls’ high school, Incheon. From March 2008 to February 2011, I am also attending an in-service teacher program in Seoul National Univ. During the period, I will work for the Master’s degree, majoring in physics education. Minkee suggested me that I would better participate in this English study group for academic writings and technical dissertations. I thought it would be interesting. Even thought I do not speak perfect English, I am expecting much improvement through this weekly meeting. Looking forward to making many new friends here. :)
A visual argument uses images to engage and convince readers!
11a Reading visual arguments critically
1. Testing Claims
Claim is what image wants to say to the audience! (p. 220)
2. Weighing Evidence
1) Types of Evidence: Facts, Examples, Expert opinions, Appeals to beliefs or needs 2) Criteria for Testing Evidence - Is the evidence accurate? - Is the evidence relevant and adequate? - Does the evidence represent the context?
3. Discovering Assumptions
1) What is Assumption? Creator’s ideas 2) In visual arguments, many assumptions involve the creator’s beliefs about the audience. - Who readers are and where they will see the argument? - What readers already know about the subject? - How familiar readers are with the purpose, format, and style of the argument. - Whether readers are likely to lean toward the argument’s claims. - What kind of information, ideas, and images readers will find persuasive.
4. Recognizing fallacies
Fallacies in argument are sometimes accidental, but they are often used deliberately to manipulate readers’ responses. 1) Evasions: deflect the reader from the central claim of the argument Ex. Snob Appeal: invite readers to think of be like someone they admire. 2) Oversimplification: imply that subjects are less complex than they are. Ex. either/ or Fallacy, Sweeping generalization (p224)
11b Using Visual arguments effectively
Weaving images into an argument can strengthen it if the images are well chosen to provide evidence and make appropriate appeals.
1. Choosing images
1) Which part of your argument can use visual reinforcement? 2) What are the limitations or requirements of your writing situation? 3) What kinds of visuals are readily available on your subject? 4) Should you create original images tailored to your argument?
2. Using images as evidence (p 227,228)
1) Artifacts serving as the subject of the argument 2) Visual records of a subject or incident 3) Visual explanations of a concept of trend 4) Visual examples of claims made in the argument * Don’t forget the caption and source information!
Stated in an argument (not merely an assertion) that illustrates its educational significance.
Explicitly refers to existing research.
Kilbourn, B. (2006). The Qualitative Doctoral Dissertation Proposal. Teachers College Record, 108(4), 529-576.
10b Conceiving a thesis statement
Find research questions. Why question? How question?
10c Analyzing your purpose and your audience
[Examples] Science Education: it requires the most authentic and high-level issues in science education. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: it requires more practical issues in instruction. International Journal of Science Education: it requires international issues in science education Journal of the Korean Physical Society: it requires new concept. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education
10d Using reason
Inductive reasoning
* [Evidence] According to unemployment rate of high school graduates and college graduates (See Fig. 3 on page 123.), high school graduates are more in state of seeking careers than college graduates. * [Assumption] Higher unemployment provides employers inexpensive human resources. * [Claim] In the economic perspectives of the management, university education is not required for every employee.
Deductive reasoning
Please, find claim, evience, and assumption among sentences below: [___] All apples are fruit. [___] All fruits grow on trees. [___] Therefore all apples grow on trees.
10f Reaching your readers
2 Answering opposing views
No-but-Yes writing flow
It has been argued much … however … The literature has argued … rather than …
10g Organizing your argument
Arrange first sentences from every paragraph. Do the sentences make sense?
10i Examining a sample argument
How does Holbrook answer opposing views? How does Holbrook organize his claims and evidences? Do you find any assumptions among claims and evidences?
Homework
Develop a writing answering opposing views to your claim within 200 words.
Write an essay based on your critical reading about an image among your preference within 200 words.
Batmac
The title of this caricature is “Batmac.” As you can infer from the title, “Batmac,” this picture shows us the combination of two American images which are Batman and Macdonald. The first impression of this picture is very provocative and ridiculous, because the main character of the picture (Batman) is totally different from what we commonly see and expect in the movie. It doesn’t look like a hero at all. In the picture, he is very chubby with his belly folded over his belt, and his face looks very mean and vicious, which reminds me of a devil. Especially the overall size of his body which covers almost part of the frame seems to overwhelm the viewers with his dark aura.
The sign “M” in the middle of his upper body suggests us that this is the source of all his problems mentioned right before. Considering MacDonald has been blamed for making people obese in the States, it is obvious that Batman’s huge body is related with Macdonald as well. Something like hamburgers and French fries. If you see the background of the picture, you will find two distinctive colors, “red and blue.” These two colors seem to symbolize our country, because these two are used in Korea’s national flag. Therefore, this picture implies that the influence of American fast-food is being greater and greater with it destructive side effects in Korea. (Word count: 232)
To open readers' opinions, change their opinions, or encourage their action, authors write argument.
9a. Recognizing the elements of argument
Arguments should convince readers. For that Claims: Your positive statement, it needs supports
In both its space and its equipment, the college’s chemistry laboratory is outdated.
Evidence: the facts, examples,
The present lab’s age and square feet
Assumptions: the authors’ ideas in mind
Chemistry professors are the most capable of evaluating the present lab’s quality.
9b. Testing claims
Are you convinced? Why? Why not?
1. Recognizing opinions
An opinion is a judgment based on facts. This includes claims about reality and value, and a recommendation for a course of action.
These days, electric companies many invent small-size devices for the better mobility to induce an owner’s mistakes to break them down.
2. Recognizing facts
A fact is a verifiable statement, which is true:
A graduate student can achieve scholarships from more than two funding organizations simultaneously.
3. Recognizing beliefs
A belief is a conviction based on cultural or personal faith:
There is a piece [of beliefs] by writer Jim Ostrowski circling the web suggesting strongly that the moon is an artificial ball that may even have a hollow core. ( LINK )
4. Recognizing prejudices
Unlike a belief, a prejudice is testable: it can be falsified according to the basis of facts.
Rich and high status women whose names are Ms Kim are all bad drivers in Korea.
5. Looking for defined terms
Where abstract ideas are argued, clear and consistent definitions of terms is required.
The Kiss by Gustav Klimt
The word love has many different meanings in English, from something that gives a little pleasure ("I loved that meal") to something one would die for (patriotism, pair bonding). It can describe an intense feeling of affection, an emotion or an emotional state. In ordinary use, it usually refers to interpersonal love. Probably due to its psychological relevance, love is one of the most common themes in art and music. ( LINK )
9c. Weighing evidence
Evidence demonstrates the validity of the author’s claims.
1. Recognizing kinds of evidence
Facts: Examples: Historical precedents and personal experiences support the claims. Expert opinions: They are the judgments or claims formed by authorities.
The Korean Times recently stated that, “50 percent of undergraduates lack English proficiency" (Park). It further contends that extensive testing has revealed that almost half of all Korean undergraduates have difficulty speaking English. by Alton Rose ( LINK )
2. Judging the reliability of evidence
To support claims and convince readers, evidence must be reliable. They should be accurate and relevant (i.e. My friend tells that the moon is hollow.); representative and adequate (i.e. According to the survey of this classroom, the school system in Korea has many issues.)
9d. Discovering assumptions
Assumptions connect evidence to claims. Are they believable and consistent?
[Claim] In the economic perspectives of the management, university education is not required for every employee.
[Evidence] According to unemployment rate of high school graduates and college graduates (See Fig. 3 on page 123.), high school graduates are more in state of seeking careers than college graduates.
[Assumption] Higher unemployment provides employers inexpensive human resources.
9e. Watching language, hearing tone
Tone is the expression of the author’s attitude toward the subject. Connotative language never fails in argument.
[QUIZ] Read the rest of Alton Rose’s article and find what his tone is in the text.
Of course the results of the survey are quite understandable. In the Korean English language curriculum, there is typically one main purpose, which is to prepare the students to excel on the English Comprehension section of the CSAT. This test is a multiple choice exam and has the effect of minimizing the importance of any English speaking or writing done in classes. Students are taught the test with the ultimate goal of achieving a high score on the multiple-choice exam. by Alton Rose ( LINK )
9f. Judging reasonableness
THIS PART IS REPLACED BY HOMEWORK.
9g. Recognizing fallacies
Fallacies are the mistakes committed while arguing. Please, refer to the "Checklist of fallacies" on p. 193. 1. Recognizing evasions We should not commit evasions such as: begging the question, non sequitur, red herring, false authority, and inappropriate appeals. 2. Recognizing oversimplifications To oversimplify is to conceal or ignore complexities in a vain attempt to create a neater, more convincing argument than reality allows. However, we should not commit oversimplifications such as hasty generalization, sweeping generalization, reductive fallacy, post hoc fallacy, either/or fallacy, and false analogy.
Write an essay based on your critical reading about an image among your preference within 200 words.
The Ladder to Success
The dark-brown-color, paper-like background expresses that this scene is occurring in formal business environment. The black colored businessman with his jacket opened and his tie fluttering infers that this business situation is in a dynamic and urgent occasion. In addition what draws readers’ attention is that there are many ladders, and the businessman is standing on one of them. The ladders are not only placed on the bottom of the illustration, but one of them is hanging on its top. For certain reason, he is reaching his hand to the upper ladder with a much unstable posture: he is about to fall down.
The abstract illustration is resolved by the arrows and their labels—Focus, Expand, and Redefine—from the lower ladder to upper one. The three keywords originates from the book, Unstoppable: Finding Hidden Assets to Renew the Core and Fuel Profitable Growth by Chris Zook. The illustration describes how 25% of current companies can survive, while others disappear within a decade in average: the coordinate of F-E-R directs it. In fact, during the Focus phase, one seek to find core potentials and lower other subsidiary expenses. Then the person or company begins to expand full potential in their current core by developing a repeatable formula, connecting the formula into new channels, and avoiding over-expansion from the core. Turbulences are expected to occur while these new attempts, consequently. For the reason, the last phase, redefine, pursues another insight to shift their model that fuel further growth. This strategy will guide you to success. (Word Count: 252)
wow. I think you are really a hard working student!
Recently I've been writing my final essay...-.- Its due date is this Sunday.
So I don't have much time to concentrate on our homeworks..
sorry...
Chapter 25. Supplement - Parallel Structure.pdf
