a. Use a semicolon between main clauses not joined by
and, but, or another coordinating conjunction.
Ex) The drug does little to relieve symptoms, and it can have side effects.
The side effects are not
minor; some leave
the patient quite ill.
b. Use a semicolon between main clauses related by however, for example, and so on.
c. Use a semicolon to separate main clauses if they
are complicated or contain commas, even with a coordinating conjunction.
Ex) By a conscious effort of the mind, we can stand aloof from
actions and their consequences;and all things, good and bad, go by us like a torrent.
d. Use semicolons to separate items in a series if
they are long or contain commas.
Ex) The custody case involved Amy Dalton, the child; Ellen and Mark Dalton,
the parents; and
Ruth and Hal Blum, the grandparents.
e. Use the semicolon only where required.
1) Delete or replace any semicolon that separates a subordinate
clause or a phrase from a main clause.
Ex) Pygmies are in danger of extinction; because of encroaching
development. (X)
⇒
Ex) According to African authorities; only about 35,000 Pygmies
exist today. (X)
⇒
2) Delete or replace any semicolon that introduces a series or
explanation.
Ex) Teachers have heard all sorts of reasons why students do poorly;
psychological problems, family illness, too much work, too little time. (X)
⇒
Homework > Use the semicolon sparingly.
<Semicolon overused>
The Make-a-Wish Foundation helps sick
children; it grants
the wishes of children who are terminally ill. The foundation learns of a
child’s wish; the
information usually comes from parents, friends, or hospital staff; the wish may be for a
special toy, a trip to the circus, or a visit to Disneyland. The foundation
grants some wishes with its own funds; for other wishes it appeals to those who have what the child
desires.
The end punctuation marks are: the period . the question mark ? the exclamation point !
Use period with some abbreviations. Dr. Feb. ft. St. Ms. i.e. e.g. p. a.p.
CAUTION
1. When a sentence ends in an abbreviation with a period, do not use the double periods. My first class is at 8 a.m.
2. Question marks and exclamation points are never combined with other punctuations. “What is the point?,” readers ask. “What is the point?” readers ask.
TASK
Revise the punctuation mark usage.
For the comment “Does physics literacy simply happen by enrolling in physics?”, the authors added more literature of how serious the equity situation is, not answering the question.
Chapter 28 The Comma Minkee
Separate main cluases:
1) from another main clause linked by a coordinating conjunction
, in that (=because) , and Coffee drinkers may suffer sleeplessness, for the drug acts as a stimulant to the nervous system.
2) from introductory elements
Once again, In the same light, For the perspective, Thus, Although,
3) from nonessential element
The empty building symbolizes a local economy, which affects everyone. In the photo taken in Buenos Aires, Friday, April 11, 2008 before the Olympic Torch tour along the streets of Argentinean capital, hundreds of the South American people are holding their posters which read ‘Tibet Free’, along with the big Tibetan flag. The company, which is located in Oklahoma, has a good reputation.
CAUTION
When a transitional expression links main clauses, precede it with a semicolon and follow it with a comma. Ex] European workers often have long paid vacations; indeed, they may receive a full month. American workers thus put in more work days. But the days themselves may be shorter.
Use commas between items in a series and between coordinate adjectives.
She was a faithful, sincere friend. They are dedicated medical students. Little, brown handbook Sohee will make a presentation on the handbook in EPIC seminar, on Tuesday, May 20, 2008. Her second presentation will be about the research proposal on 3 June 2008. Use commas with quotations "Students have as much right as any adult to voice their opinion against the beef issue," said an unnamed official of the union.
Do not use commas when
Essential elements Hawthorne’s work The Scarlet Letter was the first major American novel. James Joyce’s short story “The Dead” was made into an affecting film.
[Homework]
Find meaningful, practical expressions or usages of commas in the following academic paper:
Jenkins, E. W., & Nelson, N. W. (2005). Important but not for me: students' attitudes towards secondary school science in England. Research in Science & Technological Education, 23(1), 41-57.
When eating some foods, many people worry about getting high calories
and gaining weights. Thus it seems that food containing artificial
sweeteners instead of sugar solve this problem. For example, aspartame,
one of the artificial sweeteners, has 4kcal/g as well as sugar has but
it is 200 times sweeter than sugar. So when manufacturing drinks and
candies with aspartame we need just amount of 1/200 of sugar. As a
result, we can enjoy coke and candy without worry about calories.
However, many doctors and researchers argue that artificial sweetener
may increase a person’s risk of headache, dizziness, stroke,
convulsions, encephaloma. And some research shows that continual eating
aspartame may cause getting fat because digestive system confuse sweet
flavor with low calories and body need more food. On the other hand,
some researchers say that eating artificial sweetener dose not effect
human body at all. Despite WHO’s announcement of safety of aspartame in
2006, aspartame is still controversial
It depends on you whether or not eating artificial sweetener. However,
we should know the ingredients of the foods before you pick up foods.
(Word Count:188)
[Revised]
Enjoying food, people worry about getting high calories and gaining weights. For them, artificial sweeteners, alternative types of sugar, seems to lesson their concern. Among them, aspartame, one of the artificial sweeteners, has 4 kilo calories per gram (as much amount as sugar has); but, it is 200 times sweeter than sugar. When manufacturing drinks and candies with aspartame, it needs only 1/200 sugar. As a result, we have enjoyed coke and candies without worrying about calories.
However, many doctors and researchers argue that artificial sweeteners may increase the risk of headache, dizziness, stroke, convulsions, and encephaloma to some consumers. Moreover, some researchers show that continual consumption of aspartame may cause getting fat, because digestive system confuses the sweet flavor with low calorie ingredient and commands our body to requires more food. Despite the WHO announcement for safety of aspartame in 2006, its side-effect is still controversial. Some researchers say that eating artificial sweetener dose not effect human body at all.
It depends on you whether to take artificial sweetener or not. However, we should know about its ingredient before picking up a food.
To make sentences work together effectively, you need to vary their length, structure, and word order to reflect the importance and complexity.
You can practice established techniques for achieving varied sentences. Ways to achieve variety among sentences 1. Varying sentence length and structure. 2. Varying sentence beginnings 3. Inverting the normal word order. 4. Mixing types of sentences
26a. Varying sentence length and structure.
① Varying length
In most contemporary writing, sentences vary from about ten to about forty words. If most of your sentences get out of this range, you break some of the long sentences into shorter one, or try combining sentences with coordination and subordination.
② Rewriting strings of brief and simple sentences
You can combine some of sentences into longer units that emphasize and link important ideas while de-emphasizing incidental information.(See p. 414 example)
③ Rewriting strings of compound sentences
Compound sentences are usually just simple sentences linked with conjunctions.(See p.415 example)
26b. Varying sentence beginnings
You can vary this subject-first pattern by adding modifiers or other elements before the subject.
Note! The final arrangement of sentence elements should always depend on two concerns: the relation of a sentence to those preceding and following it and the emphasis required by your meaning.
① Adverb modifiers
Consider these sentences different emphases.(See p.416 example on middle paragraph) ★ In standard American English, placing certain adverb modifiers at the beginning of a sentence requires you to change the normal subject-verb order as well. The most common of these modifiers are negatives, including seldom, rarely, in no case, not since, and not until.
② Adjective modifiers
These modifiers may sometimes fall at the beginning of a sentence to postpone the subject.(See p.416 example on bottom paragraph)
③ Coordinating conjunctions and transitional expressions
For successive sentences, you may begin the follow such as and or but or first, for instance, however, therefore.
④ Occasional expletive constructions
It or there + be~ : occasionally be useful to delay and thus emphasize the subject. However, you should use them rarely because it is more likely to flatten writing by adding extra words.
26c. Inverting the normal word order.
An inverted sentence can be emphatic. And it can be useful in two successive sentences when the second expands on the first. Ex) Particularly explicit was the curt verdict of one critic of President Hoover.
26d. Mixing types of sentences
Questions, commands, exclamations may enhance variety. Questions may set the direction of a paragraph, and more often used in exposition or simply emphasize ideas. Commands occur frequently in an explanation of a process, particularly in directions.
Homework
With reference to learning contents, write a today’s diary using variety sentences.
＊Using
parallelism for elements linked by coordinating conjunctions(and, but, or, nor, and
yet)
The
coordinate conjunctions always signal a need for parallelism.
The industrial base was shiftingandshrinking.
Three reasons why steel companies kept losing
money were that their plant were inefficient, high labor costs, and foreign
competition was increasing.
→
All
the words required by idiom or grammar must be stated in compound construction
Given training, workers can acquire the skill and
interest in other jobs.
→
* Using parallelism for elements linked by
correlative conjunctions (both.. and, neither.. nor,
not only...but also, either.... or, not... but, whether... or)
Correlative
conjunctions emphasize the relation between elements, even long phrases and
clauses.
It is nota tax billbuta tex
relief bill, proving relief not for the needy but for the
greedy.- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Mark Twain refused either to ignore the moral
blindness of his society or spare the reader's sensibility.
→
* Using parallelism for elements being compared or
contrasted
Elements
being compared or contrasted should be cast in the same grammatical form.
It is better to live
richthanto die rich.
The study found that most welfare recipients
wanted to work rather than handouts.
→
→
* Using parallelism for lists, outlines, or
headings (see p.119 and p.37)
The
elements of a list or a outline should be parallel in structure.
[Faulty] Changes in Renaissance England 1. Extension of trade routes 2. Merchant Class became more powerful 3. The death of feudalism 4. Upsurging of the arts 5. The science were encouraged 6. Religious quarrels began
[Improved] Changes in Renaissance England 1. Extension of trade routes 2. Increased Power of the merchant class 3. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 4. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 5. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 6. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
25.b
Using parallelism to increase coherence
Slang
originates in the effort of ingenious individuals to make the language more
pungent and picturesque. They increase the store of the terse and striking
words or widen the boundaries of metaphor. Thus a vocabulary for new shades and
differences in meaning is provided by slang.
Slang
originates in the effort of ingenious individuals to
make the language more pungent and picturesque - to increase the store of the terse and striking
words, to widen the boundaries of
metaphor, and to provide a vocabulary for
new shades and differences in meaning.- H. L. Mencken
Choi Jin-sil, who is one of my favorite movie stars, used to be the most popular actress in 1990s. While she was on top of her fame in showbiz, she got married Cho Sung-min who has been a famous baseball player. When she was in the center of gossip with her husband's domestic violence and divorce, she didn't seem to reemerge to the public any more. But she successfully came back with a TV series, "Rosy Life(장미빛 인생)" and could recover her fame again. Now she stars in a TV series, "Last Scandal of My Life", as a divorced woman who is sometimes ridiculous and dull. Many other actresses are not only worried about getting old but also want to look like a young girl in TV programs and in movies, even after they get married and have children. However Choi has played a role of her certain age. She used to be a icon of beauty and trendy. However, getting old with the public, she is an really actress who touches viewers hearts. This is why I like her. I think she is still more beautiful actress than other actresses. (Wordcount: 196)
[Revised]
Choi Jin-sil, who is one of my favorite movie stars, used to be the
most popular actress in 1990s. While she was on top of her fame in
showbiz, she got married with Cho Sung-min who has been a famous baseball
player. When she was in the center of gossip with her husband's
domestic violence and divorce, she didn't seem to reemerge to the
public any more. But, she successfully came back with a soup opera series, "Rosy
Life (장미빛 인생)" and could recover her fame. Now she stars in another
series, "Last Scandal of My Life", acting a role as a divorced woman who is
sometimes ridiculous and dull. Many other actresses do not only
worry about getting old, but also want to look younger in their business, even after they get married and have children. Choi also used to be an
icon of beauty and trendy. However, Choi now plays a role of her age. Getting old with the public, she is the very actress who touches viewers hearts. This is why I like her. I
think she is still more beautiful than any other actresses.
People gather to demonstrate or protest what they believe right. Sometimes their action of demonstration is blamed by their counterparts. In the photo taken in Buenos Aires, Friday, April 11, 2008 before the Olympic Torch tour along the streets of Argentinian capital, hundreds of the South American people are holding their posters which read ‘Tibet Free’, along with the big Tibetan flag. This independence-for-Tibet campaign has added its caution, since The Tibet Riot on last March that was suppressed by Chinese troops and tanks in Lhasa, and resulted in at least 25 deaths among the Tibetan. In advance of Argentina that welcomes the torch relay only in the Latin American nation, the fire of “pure spirit” was extinct four times with hundreds of pro-Tibetan demonstrators in Paris. Against the human rights advocators’ disturbance on the torch, the Xinhua commentary in London said, "Any acts, motivated by political bias, to instigate some extremist groups and individuals to sabotage the Olympic torch relay will victimise not only the Olympic Games, but the Olympic spirit that embodies the lofty ideals of mankind." The comment is likely to represent their pursuit of the sport sprit among the Chinese as shown in the backward of the photo; they are holding the Chinese flags which are bigger than the Tibetan.
shows that two or more elements in a sentence are equally important in meaning. (and, but, or)
Subordination
some elements are less important for meaning. (main idea in main clause, supporting information in other parts)
24a. Coordinating to relate equal ideas
▪ String of simple sentences → Ideas coordinated ▪ Ways to coordinate information in sentences. - Relate main clauses with a semicolon alone or a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb: however, indeed, etc. Ex) The building was standing. It suffered from neglect. →
1. Using coordination effectively Excessive coordination → needs editing to stress the important points. 2. Coordinating logically Ex) Mill is recognized as a utilitarian, and he did not found the utilitarian school off philosophy. →
24b. Subordinating to distinguish main ideas
No rules can specify what information you should make primary and what you should subordinate; the decision will depend on your meaning. But in general, time, cause, condition, concession, purpose, and identification → subordinate structure.
Ex) identification Old barns are common in New England. They are often painted red. → Old barns, which are often painted red, are common in New England. → (Verbal phrase) → (Single word)
1) Subordinating logically 2) Using subordination effectively Overloaded → revised by sorting details into more than one sentence.
Ex) The boats that were moored at the dock when the hurricane, which was one of the worst in three decades, struck were ripped from their mooring, because the owners had not been adequately prepared, since the weather service had predicted that the storm would blow out to sea, which storm do at this time of year → ( ) by one of the worst hurricanes , the boats at the dock were ripped from their moorings. The owners were unprepared ( ) the weather service had said that storms ( ) blow out to sea.
24c. Choosing clear connectors
1) Using as and while clearly ▪ Avoid using as to indicate cause. Ex) As the experiment was occurring, the laboratory was sealed. ( Time or cause?) → (Time) ( ) the experiment … → (Cause) ( ) the experiment … ▪ While can indicate either time or concession Ex) While technicians work in the next room, they cannot hear the noise. → (time) When technicians…. (concession) technicians…..
2) Using as and like correctly The use of as a substitute for whether or that is considered nonstandard. Ex) They are not sure as the study succeeded. → They are not sure ( ) the study succeeded. Ex) It seemed like it did succeed. → It seemed it did succeed.
1) Nouns made from verbs can obscure the key actions of sentences and add words. Ex) After the company made a decision to hire more disabled workers, its next step was the construction of wheelchair ramps and other facilities. =>
2) Weak verbs tend to stall sentences just where they should be moving and often bury key actions.
Ex) The company is now the leader among businesses in complying with the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act. Its officers make speeches on the act to business groups. =>
3) The passive de-emphasizes the true actor of the sentence, sometimes omitting it entirely. Generally, prefer the active voice.
b. Use sentence beginnings and endings.
1) Old information begins each sentence and new information ends the sentence. 2) Place information first or last in a sentence, reserving the middle for incidentals.
Ex) Education remains the single best means of economic advancement, despite its shortcoming. [Emphasizes ( )] => =>
c. Arrange parallel elements effectively.
Arrange the parallel ideas in order of their importance.
Ex) The storm ripped the roofs off buildings, killed ten people, and knocked down many trees in town. =>
d. Carefully repeat key words and phrases.
Carefully planned repetition can be an effective means of emphasis.
e. Set off important ideas with punctuation.
1) A semicolon provides more separation than a comma, and a period provides still more separation.
Ex) Most of the reading which is praised for itself is neither literary nor intellectual, but narcotic. Most of the reading which is praised for itself is neither literary nor intellectual; it is narcotic. Most of the reading which is praised for itself is neither literary nor intellectual. It is narcotic.
2) Sometimes a dash or a pair of dashes will isolate and thus emphasize a part of a statement.
Ex)
His schemes were always elaborate, ingenious, and exciting—and wholly impractical.
f. Write concisely.
Homework
Based on how to emphasize ideas in chapter 23, revise the Song (1990)'s work below.
Kahneman
and Tversky (1972; 1982) and Tversky and Kahneman (1983) examined the
illogical nature of people's probabilistic judgement in a variety of
situations including estimations of word frequency. personality
judgement, medical prognosis and decision under risk. They explained
some of these illogical judgements by saying that people's preferences
between gains are risk-averse and people's preferences between losses
are risk-seeking so that people's probabilistic judgements are very
much dependent on the degree of risk conveyed by a task. They also
argued that people do not normally analyse daily events into exhaustive
lists of probabilities or evaluate compound probabilities by
aggregating elementary ones. Instead, they commonly use a limited
number of heuristics, such as representativeness and availability. The
availability heuristic refers to the tendency for an event to be judged
more probable to the extent that it is more easily pictured or
recalled. For example, risks from more easily pictured accidents, such
as explosions, may contribute more to the judgement that a particular
industrial process is dangerous, even though they may happen extremely
rarely, than may continuous and cumulative hazards, such as routine
emissions into the atmosphere. which have less immediate dramatic
effects.
Song, J. (1990). Effects on Pupils' Responses of
Interactions between Process Skill Demands, Concept Requirements and
Contexts in Science Questions. King's College London, London.
[Homework] With using of proper modifiers, write an assay within 200 words. The topics will be about people.
[Original] (11, April, 2008) People… it’s very wide topic so it is a little difficult to decide what kind of people I write on. Ok, it’s good to do about my students, being fallen in love with stars. Last Saturday, not yesterday but a week before one, I met them in the Observatory, belonged to Seoul Science Park which is located in just below the SNU. They are students who I taught in our middle school in last year. When I organized the club for observing the heavenly bodies for the first time in that school, they came in. At that time, they didn’t know about stars very well and they would not even guess how much they love the stars in near future. Among them three students especially got absorbed in starry bodies. When I introduced telescope to them the first time, their eyes were shining brightly. They got in with telescope quickly and handled it very well. They could array the finder to main optical tube better than me. They always were eager to observe the beautiful night sky and used to urge me to go outside for observing starry sky. They didn' lose track of the time to find stars when we have time to observe on top of the school building. One pupil of them sent message by cellular phone some times ago. The message was that he decided what he will become in future; “I want to be an astronomer!” It’s happy thing to see these friends, being enthusiastic and full of dreams. I hope they could go on, having innocent love toward stars.
HW 20. A wonderful meeting with the life of sea, scuba diving /Leekyoung/
[Original] Scuba diving is the attractive sport that swims underwater using special breathing equipment. The equipment is called aqualung which consists of cylinders of air and which is connected to mouth by rubber tube. It makes to be possible you can stay a little long in the water. Of course, technical practice is demanded for using really because you breathe high-pressure air. Anyway, you may experience new world when you dive carrying it on your back. There are lots of corals, ear shells, turban shells, sea fishes and so on in the water. You can see a rare fish you could only watch through books. Swimming with a shoal of fishes is very excited; it makes on feel as if you were a part of them. You can cultivate team spirit and a sense of responsibility through scuba diving because it has to move around organizing a team. It is very good leisure-sport for lovers or married couple. I hope to make an attempt surely diving some day.
(Word count: 167)
[Revised] Scuba diving is an attractive sport: people swim underwater using special breathing equipment. The equipment is called an aqualung which consists of cylinders filled with air, and is connected to mouth by a rubber tube. It enables you to stay longer under the water. Of course, technical practice is indeed required for using it because you breathe the high-pressure air. Having been accustomed, you may experience new world when you dive carrying it on your back. Under the water, there are lots of rare fishes such as corals, ear shells, turban shells, special sea fishes that you have only met through books. Swimming with a shoal of fishes is very exciting; it would makes you feel as if you were a part of them. You can cultivate team spirit and a sense of responsibility through scuba diving because the divers have to move around in a team. It is a very good leisure-sport for lovers or married couples. I hope you would try diving some day.
Chapter 25. Supplement - Parallel Structure.pdf
